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Carrier profile · USDOT 92728 · MC-129085 · FMCSA data fetched 2026-10-17

DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC

34 power units12 driversInterstateAUGUSTA, GA

Census status Active (A)MC-129085 · code A
Official links FMCSA SAFER

Data completeness & update times

Per official source. A failed read is not zero; “not yet imported” means the directory database has no stored copy yet — not “no authority” or “no insurance”.

SectionSourceSource updatedFetchedStatus
Registration (Census)az4n-8mr22026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTRead
Operating authorityinys-ebih2026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTRead
Authority historyyu5v-wbh62026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTRead
Insurance filingsc5y8-a4uz2026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTRead
Insurance history3uet-3z4i2026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTRead
Insurance history (legacy)Content frozen by FMCSA on 2026-05-14 (portal metadata 2026-10-17 is a republish, not new data); gap-fill only6sqe-dvqs2026-05-14Oct 17, 04:25 PM PTStale (source > 90 days)
Inspections, 24 moDriver-level 22 · vehicle-level 5fx4q-ay7w2026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTSmall sample
Crashes, 24 moaayw-vxb32026-10-17 PTOct 17, 04:25 PM PTRead
Directory DB: authority copyLive official read above is used for the profilecarrier_authorityNot providedOct 16, 07:40 PM PTRead
Directory DB: insurance copycarrier_insuranceNot providedOct 7, 06:48 PM PTRead

VAX record reference score

Beta · trial v1

Not an FMCSA rating, not a prediction and not a load decision. Thresholds are fixed and not yet calibrated.

Reference score (0–100)

Insufficient data

Coverage — determinable weight, not a score

70/100

Crashes, 24 mo (shown only, not scored)

2

How this trial score works and its limits →

01

Safety

Source: SMS AB PassProperty (4y6x-dmck) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-13 07:05 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Inspections

22

Driver insp.

22

OOS 1

Vehicle insp.

5

OOS 3

Safety rating

S

2006-04-05

Driver out-of-service rate4.5%
0%50%100%

1 out-of-service of 22 inspections

Vehicle out-of-service rate60.0%
0%50%100%

3 out-of-service of 5 inspections

Rate = OOS inspections ÷ inspections, from the SMS summary; N/A when there are 0 inspections. The SMS summary has no monthly series; the monthly chart below is built from record-level inspections. Roadside inspections are a sample, not the whole fleet.

Roadside inspections · record level

Source: Vehicle Inspection File (fx4q-ay7w) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 13:14 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Window: 2024-10-17 → 2026-10-17 (24 months ending on the fetch date). Records FMCSA has not yet uploaded are not included.

Inspections (records)

22

States observed

2

Driver-level insp.

22

with driver OOS 1 · 4.5%

Vehicle-level insp.

5

with vehicle OOS 3 · 60.0%

Monthly inspections & out-of-service rate · 24 months

Inspections per month (count)

02324-1025-0125-0425-0725-1026-0126-0426-0726-10
  • Vehicle-level inspections (I, II, V, VI)
  • Driver-level inspections (I, II, III, VI)

Out-of-service rate by month (%)

0%25%50%75%100%24-1025-0125-0425-0725-1026-0126-0426-0726-10
  • Vehicle OOS rate
  • Driver OOS rate (dashed)
  • Hollow point = fewer than 5 eligible inspections

Computed from record-level inspections in fx4q-ay7w (window 2024-10-17 → 2026-10-17, fetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC). OOS rate = inspections with driver/vehicle OOS > 0 ÷ inspections at a driver/vehicle-examining level — not violation counts. Months with no eligible inspection leave a gap (not 0%). The SMS summary is not used to build history.

Driver-level = Levels I, II, III, VI; vehicle-level = Levels I, II, V, VI (FMCSA North American Standard levels). Level IV special studies are in neither. These record-level counts can differ from the SMS summary above, which uses its own snapshot and is left unchanged.

DateStateLevelViolationsOOSDriver viol/OOSVehicle viol/OOSID
2026-09-15SC3101 / 00 / 089009250
2026-08-07SC3101 / 00 / 088634718
2026-06-24SC3101 / 00 / 088228363
2026-06-17GA3101 / 00 / 088188971
2026-02-25SC2520 / 05 / 287171194
All 22 inspections, map and level breakdown →

Reported crashes

Source: Crash File (aayw-vxb3) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 10:31 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Window: 2024-10-17 → 2026-10-17 (24 months ending on the fetch date). Records FMCSA has not yet uploaded are not included.

Crash reports

2

Fatalities

0

Injuries

3

Tow-away

2

Report dateCity, stateFatalitiesInjuriesTow-awayFederal recordableID
2025-10-27ORANGEBURG, SC01YesYes5071609
2024-10-24COLLEGE PARK, GA02YesYes4840648

Crash reports are listed as filed by states; they do not determine fault or preventability. VIN, plate and exact location are not shown.

02

Authority & Insurance

Operating authority by docket

DocketAuthority typeStatusBI&PD req. / on file (source value)Cargo req./on fileBond req./on file
MC129085Motor Carrier of Property (Except Household Goods)Active750,000 / 750,000N / NN / N

Source: Motus Carrier – All With History (inys-ebih) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 10:03 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Authority status history

FMCSA change dateDocketAuthority typeNew statusReason (source)
1984-08-28MC129085Motor Carrier of Property (Except Household Goods)ActiveGRANTED

Source: Motus AuthHist – All With History (yu5v-wbh6) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 10:00 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Status and reason text are shown exactly as FMCSA publishes them. The change date is FMCSA's status_change_date; “Dataset updated” is when FMCSA last published the file, and “Fetched” is when VAX read it. The two authority files are shown side by side and are not reconciled by VAX. Amounts: the dictionary says “thousands”, but published values look like dollars, so raw values are shown. Census status is not authority.

Insurance filings

InsurerTypeFormPolicyMax / underlying (source)Effective
Federated Mutual Insurance CompanyBI&PD · PrimaryBMC-91X1976751750,000 / 02026-10-01

Source: Motus Insur – All With History (c5y8-a4uz) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 10:01 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Filings as recorded by FMCSA — not a certificate of insurance or proof of current coverage. Amounts are source values (dictionary: thousands).

Source: Motus InsHist – All With History (3uet-3z4i) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 10:01 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Source: InsHist – legacy (6sqe-dvqs) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 14:53 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTCFrozen by FMCSA since 2026-05-14

Prior policies

Insurance timeline
Hover a bar for insurer and dates.

Current filings (c5y8-a4uz) — effective date only

Federated Mutual Insurance Company · 2026-10-01 → end not published

Prior policies (3uet-3z4i + legacy 6sqe-dvqs) — effective → cancellation

Zurich American Insurance Company of Illinois · 2026-09-10 → 2026-10-01

The Cincinnati Insurance Company · 2010-11-29 → 2026-09-20

ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY · 2021-11-29 → 2026-09-10

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2015-11-29 → 2021-11-29

TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CO. OF AMERICA · 2013-11-29 → 2015-12-29

TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CO. OF AMERICA · 2013-11-29 → 2015-11-29

PRAETORIAN INSURANCE COMPANY · 2012-11-29 → 2013-11-29

THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE CO. · 2010-11-29 → 2012-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2009-11-29 → 2010-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2009-11-29 → 2010-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2008-11-29 → 2009-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2008-11-29 → 2009-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2007-11-29 → 2008-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2007-11-29 → 2008-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2006-11-29 → 2007-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2006-11-29 → 2007-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2006-06-09 → 2006-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2005-11-29 → 2006-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2004-11-29 → 2005-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2003-11-29 → 2004-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2002-11-27 → 2003-11-29

CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA) · 2002-02-15 → 2002-11-27

UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO. · 1993-11-29 → 2002-02-15

20002006201220182024
1993-11-292026-10-01

Bars run only between published effective and cancellation dates. Current filings show their effective date only — no end is assumed and no continuous coverage is inferred. Current history: 3uet-3z4i; legacy rows from 6sqe-dvqs (frozen 2026-05-14) are kept only when not already in the current file.

  • Zurich American Insurance Company of Illinois

    Effective
    2026-09-10
    Cancelled
    2026-10-01
    Method
    TERM/REPL
    Policy
    BAP371919604
    Dataset
    3uet-3z4i
  • The Cincinnati Insurance Company

    Effective
    2010-11-29
    Cancelled
    2026-09-20
    Method
    CANCEL
    Policy
    EBA 005 05 38
    Dataset
    3uet-3z4i
  • ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2021-11-29
    Cancelled
    2026-09-10
    Method
    TERM/REPL
    Policy
    BAP 3719196
    Dataset
    3uet-3z4i
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2015-11-29
    Cancelled
    2021-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    5055387501
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CO. OF AMERICA

    Effective
    2013-11-29
    Cancelled
    2015-12-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    MR-8D563590-13-CAG
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CO. OF AMERICA

    Effective
    2013-11-29
    Cancelled
    2015-11-29
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    MR-8D563590-13-CAG
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • PRAETORIAN INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2012-11-29
    Cancelled
    2013-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    PICGA0003011
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE CO.

    Effective
    2010-11-29
    Cancelled
    2012-11-29
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    EBA 005 05 38
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2009-11-29
    Cancelled
    2010-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA100056
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2009-11-29
    Cancelled
    2010-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA100056
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2008-11-29
    Cancelled
    2009-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000643
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2008-11-29
    Cancelled
    2009-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000643
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2007-11-29
    Cancelled
    2008-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000643
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2007-11-29
    Cancelled
    2008-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000643
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2006-11-29
    Cancelled
    2007-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2006-11-29
    Cancelled
    2007-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2006-06-09
    Cancelled
    2006-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2005-11-29
    Cancelled
    2006-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2004-11-29
    Cancelled
    2005-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2003-11-29
    Cancelled
    2004-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2002-11-27
    Cancelled
    2003-11-29
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

    Effective
    2002-02-15
    Cancelled
    2002-11-27
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    16 GAA000044
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO.

    Effective
    1993-11-29
    Cancelled
    2002-02-15
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    133 618735 8
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
03

Equipment

Source: FMCSA Company Census (az4n-8mr2) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 18:39 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Power units

34

Truck units

27

Bus units

0

EquipmentOwnedTerm leasedTrip leased
Straight trucks13——
Truck tractors14——
Trailers23——
Ownership mix by equipment type
Straight trucksIncomplete source fields — no share computed—
Truck tractorsIncomplete source fields — no share computed—
TrailersIncomplete source fields — no share computed—
  • Owned
  • Term leased
  • Trip leased

Tractors and trailers are drawn separately and never merged into power units. A row with any empty field shows no share.

MCS-150 self-reported counts. “—” means the source field is empty, not zero.

Vehicles observed in roadside inspections

Units: FMCSA Inspections Per Unit (wt8s-2hbx)Decoder: NHTSA vPICDataset updated 2026-10-17 10:38 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTCWindow 2024-10-17 → 2026-10-17

22 inspection(s) → 30 unit row(s) → 17 unique vehicle(s) by VIN. 1 row(s) without a valid 17-character VIN were skipped. Observed vehicles are not the full fleet and not proof of current ownership. Labels like PU-01 are anonymous; full VINs and plates are never shown.

Power units observed

Unique units

11

Decode coverage

82%

9/11

Average age

11.0 yr

n=9

Newest / oldest

2026 / 2000

Make

  • WESTERN STAR4
  • FREIGHTLINER2
  • MACK2
  • GMC1

Model year

  • 20001
  • 20041
  • 20071
  • 20183
  • 20191
  • 20251
  • 20261

Average age = 2026 − model year, over 9 unit(s) with a decoded year. Units without a decode are excluded from every share.

Trailers observed

Unique units

6

Decode coverage

100%

6/6

Average age

25.8 yr

n=6

Newest / oldest

2007 / 1996

Make

  • MAC TRAILER MANUFACTURING4
  • LBT INC1
  • TRAIL KING INDUSTRIES1

Model year

  • 19961
  • 19992
  • 20002
  • 20071

Average age = 2026 − model year, over 6 unit(s) with a decoded year. Units without a decode are excluded from every share.

Observed equipment list
UnitMakeModelYearBody classInspectionsLast seen
PU-01FREIGHTLINER114SD2025Truck42026-09-15
PU-02MACKGranite2026Truck-Tractor22026-08-07
TR-01TRAIL KING INDUSTRIESTRAIL KING INDUSTRIES2007Trailer22026-08-07
PU-03WESTERN STAR47002018Truck42026-06-17
PU-04WESTERN ST (reported)——Incomplete - Glider22026-02-25
TR-02MAC TRAILER MANUFACTURINGMAC TRAILER MANUFACTURING2000Trailer12026-02-25
PU-05WESTERN STAR47002019Truck42026-01-13
TR-03MAC TRAILER MANUFACTURINGMAC TRAILER MANUFACTURING1999Trailer12025-11-20
PU-06FREIGHTLINERColumbia2004Truck-Tractor12025-10-29
TR-04MAC TRAILER MANUFACTURINGMAC TRAILER MANUFACTURING1999Trailer12025-10-29
04

Operations

Source: FMCSA Company Census (az4n-8mr2) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 18:39 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Carrier operation

Interstate (A)

Classification: AUTHORIZED FOR HIRE

MCS-150 mileage

520,000 mi

Reported year 2026

Cargo classifications checked
  • Building materials
  • Commodities dry bulk
  • Construction
  • Other: ROCK, SAND, CONCRETE
Interstate drivers >100 mi / ≤100 mi
4 / 8
Intrastate drivers >100 mi / ≤100 mi
0 / 0
Hazmat indicator (hm_ind)
N
Registered address
100 APAC INDUSTRIAL WAY, AUGUSTA, GA, 30907, US

Lanes and service areas are not published by FMCSA. The registered address is not an operating map, and inspection states are observations only — not live routes or a service area.

05

Identity & Federal

Source: FMCSA Company Census (az4n-8mr2) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 18:39 UTCFetched 2026-10-17 23:25 UTC

Legal name
DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC
DBA
Not provided
USDOT
92728
MC / FF / MX
MC-129085
Physical address
100 APAC INDUSTRIAL WAY, AUGUSTA, GA, 30907, US
Mailing address
P O BOX 204018, AUGUSTA, GA, 30917, US
Business type
CORPORATION
Carrier/shipper code
C
Census add date
1974-06-01
MCS-150 filing date
2026-09-25
Power units / drivers
34 / 12
Latest review (type · date)
C · 2006-03-30
06

Federal activity

  1. 2026-10-01c5y8-a4uz

    Insurance filing effective — Federated Mutual Insurance Company

  2. 2026-10-013uet-3z4i

    Prior policy ended (term/repl) — Zurich American Insurance Company of Illinois

  3. 2026-09-25Census

    Latest MCS-150 filing

  4. 2026-09-203uet-3z4i

    Prior policy ended (cancel) — The Cincinnati Insurance Company

  5. 2026-09-103uet-3z4i

    Prior policy ended (term/repl) — ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY

  6. 2021-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  7. 2015-12-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CO. OF AMERICA

  8. 2015-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CO. OF AMERICA

  9. 2013-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — PRAETORIAN INSURANCE COMPANY

  10. 2012-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE CO.

  11. 2010-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  12. 2010-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  13. 2009-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  14. 2009-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  15. 2008-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  16. 2008-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  17. 2007-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  18. 2007-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  19. 2006-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  20. 2006-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  21. 2006-04-05Census

    Official safety rating: S

  22. 2006-03-30Census

    Compliance review recorded (C)

  23. 2005-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  24. 2004-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  25. 2003-11-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  26. 2002-11-276sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — CYPRESS INSURANCE COMPANY (CA)

  27. 2002-02-156sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO.

  28. 1984-08-28yu5v-wbh6

    Authority status change: Motor Carrier of Property (Except Household Goods) → Active (GRANTED)

  29. 1974-06-01Census

    Added to FMCSA registration

Built only from dates in the sources above. Authority changes use FMCSA's own change date (yu5v-wbh6).

Changes observed by VAX monitoring

Loading…

07

FAQ

+What is DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC's USDOT number?

USDOT 92728, with docket(s) MC-129085.

+Is DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC active?

The census registration status code is A. This is a registration code only — it is not operating authority, insurance coverage or a safety certification.

+How many trucks and drivers does DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC report?

34 power units and 12 drivers, self-reported on the MCS-150 filed 2026-09-25.

+Does DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC have insurance on file?

1 filing row(s) matched in the FMCSA insurance dataset, most recently effective 2026-10-01 (Federated Mutual Insurance Company). A filing is not a certificate of insurance.

+Where is DAVIS HAULING COMPANY INC located?

Registered physical address: 100 APAC INDUSTRIAL WAY, AUGUSTA, GA, 30907, US. This is a registration address, not an operating area.

Answers are generated from the records on this page.

08

Nearby carriers

—

Sources

Each section shows its own fetch time; official data may have changed since. Official records plus an explainable trial record reference score (beta, not an official rating; no total when data is insufficient). No ranking, risk labels or load recommendations. Listing does not imply partnership, endorsement or platform access.