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Carrier profile · USDOT 295027 · MC-211602 · FMCSA data fetched 2026-10-18

NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC

270 power units251 driversInterstateCLARE, MI

Census status Active (A)MC-211602 · code A
Official links FMCSA SAFER

Data completeness & update times

Per official source. A failed read is not zero; “not yet imported” means the directory database has no stored copy yet — not “no authority” or “no insurance”.

SectionSourceSource updatedFetchedStatus
Registration (Census)az4n-8mr22026-10-17 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Operating authorityinys-ebih2026-10-18 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Authority historyyu5v-wbh62026-10-18 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Insurance filingsc5y8-a4uz2026-10-18 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Insurance history3uet-3z4i2026-10-18 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Insurance history (legacy)Content frozen by FMCSA on 2026-05-14 (portal metadata 2026-10-18 is a republish, not new data); gap-fill only6sqe-dvqs2026-05-14Oct 18, 02:38 PM PTStale (source > 90 days)
Inspections, 24 moDriver-level 218 · vehicle-level 105fx4q-ay7w2026-10-18 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Crashes, 24 moaayw-vxb32026-10-18 PTOct 18, 02:38 PM PTRead
Directory DB: authority copyLive official read above is used for the profilecarrier_authorityNot providedOct 18, 01:40 PM PTRead
Directory DB: insurance copycarrier_insuranceNot providedOct 7, 06:48 PM PTRead

VAX record reference score

Beta · trial v1

Not an FMCSA rating, not a prediction and not a load decision. Thresholds are fixed and not yet calibrated.

Reference score (0–100)

96

Coverage — determinable weight, not a score

100/100

Crashes, 24 mo (shown only, not scored)

16

How this trial score works and its limits →

01

Safety

Source: SMS AB PassProperty (4y6x-dmck) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-13 07:05 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Inspections

213

Driver insp.

213

OOS 1

Vehicle insp.

101

OOS 12

Safety rating

S

1991-07-23

Driver out-of-service rate0.5%
0%50%100%

1 out-of-service of 213 inspections

Vehicle out-of-service rate11.9%
0%50%100%

12 out-of-service of 101 inspections

Rate = OOS inspections ÷ inspections, from the SMS summary; N/A when there are 0 inspections. The SMS summary has no monthly series; the monthly chart below is built from record-level inspections. Roadside inspections are a sample, not the whole fleet.

Roadside inspections · record level

Source: Vehicle Inspection File (fx4q-ay7w) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 14:47 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Window: 2024-10-18 → 2026-10-18 (24 months ending on the fetch date). Records FMCSA has not yet uploaded are not included.

Inspections (records)

218

States observed

30

Driver-level insp.

218

with driver OOS 0 · 0.0%

Vehicle-level insp.

105

with vehicle OOS 12 · 11.4%

Monthly inspections & out-of-service rate · 24 months

Inspections per month (count)

081624-1025-0125-0425-0725-1026-0126-0426-0726-10
  • Vehicle-level inspections (I, II, V, VI)
  • Driver-level inspections (I, II, III, VI)

Out-of-service rate by month (%)

0%25%50%75%100%24-1025-0125-0425-0725-1026-0126-0426-0726-10
  • Vehicle OOS rate
  • Driver OOS rate (dashed)
  • Hollow point = fewer than 5 eligible inspections

Computed from record-level inspections in fx4q-ay7w (window 2024-10-18 → 2026-10-18, fetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC). OOS rate = inspections with driver/vehicle OOS > 0 ÷ inspections at a driver/vehicle-examining level — not violation counts. Months with no eligible inspection leave a gap (not 0%). The SMS summary is not used to build history.

Driver-level = Levels I, II, III, VI; vehicle-level = Levels I, II, V, VI (FMCSA North American Standard levels). Level IV special studies are in neither. These record-level counts can differ from the SMS summary above, which uses its own snapshot and is left unchanged.

DateStateLevelViolationsOOSDriver viol/OOSVehicle viol/OOSID
2026-10-15MI3000 / 00 / 089268170
2026-10-14MI2110 / 01 / 189261574
2026-10-14SD3000 / 00 / 089257054
2026-10-12OH2000 / 00 / 089253728
2026-10-07IN2000 / 00 / 089254443
All 218 inspections, map and level breakdown →

Reported crashes

Source: Crash File (aayw-vxb3) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 11:21 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Window: 2024-10-18 → 2026-10-18 (24 months ending on the fetch date). Records FMCSA has not yet uploaded are not included.

Crash reports

16

Fatalities

0

Injuries

4

Tow-away

16

Report dateCity, stateFatalitiesInjuriesTow-awayFederal recordableID
2026-08-20GOSHEN (TOWNSHIP OF), OH00YesYes5196568
2026-04-28SYLVANIA (TOWNSHIP OF), OH00YesYes5144328
2026-03-18WALKER, MI00YesYes5121329
2026-01-19Wayland Twp, MI00YesYes5102041
2025-11-07BLAIR TWP, MI00YesYes5061023
All crash reports →

Crash reports are listed as filed by states; they do not determine fault or preventability. VIN, plate and exact location are not shown.

02

Authority & Insurance

Operating authority by docket

DocketAuthority typeStatusBI&PD req. / on file (source value)Cargo req./on fileBond req./on file
MC211602Motor Carrier of Property (Except Household Goods)Active1,000,000 / 1,000,000N / NN / N

Source: Motus Carrier – All With History (inys-ebih) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 10:00 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Authority status history

FMCSA change dateDocketAuthority typeNew statusReason (source)
2008-08-28MC211602Motor Carrier of Property (Except Household Goods)ActiveREINSTATED

Source: Motus AuthHist – All With History (yu5v-wbh6) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 10:00 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Status and reason text are shown exactly as FMCSA publishes them. The change date is FMCSA's status_change_date; “Dataset updated” is when FMCSA last published the file, and “Fetched” is when VAX read it. The two authority files are shown side by side and are not reconciled by VAX. Amounts: the dictionary says “thousands”, but published values look like dollars, so raw values are shown. Census status is not authority.

Insurance filings

InsurerTypeFormPolicyMax / underlying (source)Effective
West Bend Insurance CompanyBI&PD · PrimaryBMC-91X1001113441,000,000 / 02026-08-27

Source: Motus Insur – All With History (c5y8-a4uz) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 10:02 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Filings as recorded by FMCSA — not a certificate of insurance or proof of current coverage. Amounts are source values (dictionary: thousands).

Source: Motus InsHist – All With History (3uet-3z4i) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 10:00 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Source: InsHist – legacy (6sqe-dvqs) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-18 13:42 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTCFrozen by FMCSA since 2026-05-14

Prior policies

Insurance timeline
Hover a bar for insurer and dates.

Current filings (c5y8-a4uz) — effective date only

West Bend Insurance Company · 2026-08-27 → end not published

Prior policies (3uet-3z4i + legacy 6sqe-dvqs) — effective → cancellation

West Bend Insurance Company · 2020-03-31 → 2026-08-27

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2019-03-31 → 2020-03-31

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2015-10-29 → 2019-03-31

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2019-03-31 → 2019-03-31

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2015-04-28 → 2015-10-29

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2015-03-31 → 2015-04-28

AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY · 2014-03-31 → 2015-03-31

ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY · 2012-03-31 → 2014-04-30

ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY · 2012-03-31 → 2014-03-31

ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY · 2008-06-01 → 2012-03-31

ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY · 2004-03-31 → 2008-08-11

EMPIRE FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE CO. · 2003-06-27 → 2004-03-31

EMPIRE FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE CO. · 2003-03-31 → 2003-06-27

GREAT MIDWEST INSURANCE COMPANY · 2001-03-31 → 2003-03-31

WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION · 2000-03-31 → 2001-04-02

WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION · 2000-03-31 → 2001-03-31

UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO. · 1997-03-31 → 2000-03-31

UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO. · 1996-03-31 → 1997-03-31

NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY · 1996-04-02 → 1996-05-06

NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY · 1992-09-10 → 1996-04-02

NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY · 1993-11-23 → 1996-04-02

NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY · 1996-04-02 → 1996-03-31

19992005201120172023
1992-09-102026-08-27

Bars run only between published effective and cancellation dates. Current filings show their effective date only — no end is assumed and no continuous coverage is inferred. Current history: 3uet-3z4i; legacy rows from 6sqe-dvqs (frozen 2026-05-14) are kept only when not already in the current file.

  • West Bend Insurance Company

    Effective
    2020-03-31
    Cancelled
    2026-08-27
    Method
    TERM/REPL
    Policy
    1000111344
    Dataset
    3uet-3z4i
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2019-03-31
    Cancelled
    2020-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    49-766411-02
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2015-10-29
    Cancelled
    2019-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    49-766411-02
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2019-03-31
    Cancelled
    2019-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    49-766411-02
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2015-04-28
    Cancelled
    2015-10-29
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    49-766411-02
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2015-03-31
    Cancelled
    2015-04-28
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    49-766411-02
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2014-03-31
    Cancelled
    2015-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    49-766411-00
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2012-03-31
    Cancelled
    2014-04-30
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    CA-L04301
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2012-03-31
    Cancelled
    2014-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    CA-L04301
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2008-06-01
    Cancelled
    2012-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    CAL04301
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2004-03-31
    Cancelled
    2008-08-11
    Method
    Name Changed
    Policy
    CA-L04301
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • EMPIRE FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE CO.

    Effective
    2003-06-27
    Cancelled
    2004-03-31
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    CL775195
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • EMPIRE FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE CO.

    Effective
    2003-03-31
    Cancelled
    2003-06-27
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    CL775195
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • GREAT MIDWEST INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    2001-03-31
    Cancelled
    2003-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    TRK41008000000
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION

    Effective
    2000-03-31
    Cancelled
    2001-04-02
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    MCP3100801-00
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION

    Effective
    2000-03-31
    Cancelled
    2001-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    MCP3100801-00
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO.

    Effective
    1997-03-31
    Cancelled
    2000-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    133 639 115
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO.

    Effective
    1996-03-31
    Cancelled
    1997-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    133 627703
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    1996-04-02
    Cancelled
    1996-05-06
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    TF205927
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    1992-09-10
    Cancelled
    1996-04-02
    Method
    Cancelled
    Policy
    T 104023
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    1993-11-23
    Cancelled
    1996-04-02
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    T 203533
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
  • NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

    Effective
    1996-04-02
    Cancelled
    1996-03-31
    Method
    Replaced
    Policy
    TF205927
    Dataset
    6sqe-dvqs
03

Equipment

Source: FMCSA Company Census (az4n-8mr2) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 18:39 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Power units

270

Truck units

270

Bus units

0

EquipmentOwnedTerm leasedTrip leased
Straight trucks8——
Truck tractors262——
Trailers565——
Ownership mix by equipment type
Straight trucksIncomplete source fields — no share computed—
Truck tractorsIncomplete source fields — no share computed—
TrailersIncomplete source fields — no share computed—
  • Owned
  • Term leased
  • Trip leased

Tractors and trailers are drawn separately and never merged into power units. A row with any empty field shows no share.

MCS-150 self-reported counts. “—” means the source field is empty, not zero.

Vehicles observed in roadside inspections

Units: FMCSA Inspections Per Unit (wt8s-2hbx)Decoder: NHTSA vPICDataset updated 2026-10-18 10:49 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTCWindow 2024-10-18 → 2026-10-18

218 inspection(s) → 429 unit row(s) → 296 unique vehicle(s) by VIN. 8 row(s) without a valid 17-character VIN were skipped. Observed vehicles are not the full fleet and not proof of current ownership. Labels like PU-01 are anonymous; full VINs and plates are never shown.

Power units observed

Unique units

133

Decode coverage

97%

129/133

Average age

3.0 yr

n=129

Newest / oldest

2027 / 2005

Make

  • INTERNATIONAL107
  • FREIGHTLINER21
  • KENWORTH1

Model year

  • 20051
  • 20151
  • 20173
  • 20182
  • 20193
  • 20208
  • 202111
  • 202220
  • 202315
  • 202416
  • 202531
  • 202613
  • 20275

Average age = 2026 − model year, over 129 unit(s) with a decoded year. Units without a decode are excluded from every share.

Trailers observed

Unique units

162

Decode coverage

100%

162/162

Average age

4.4 yr

n=162

Newest / oldest

2027 / 1989

Make

  • UTILITY TRAILER MANUFACTURER55
  • STOUGHTON TRAILERS30
  • VANGUARD NATIONAL TRAILER CORPORATION (VNTC)30
  • MAC TRAILER MANUFACTURING28
  • WABASH VANS8
  • EXTREME TRAILERS LLC4
  • GREAT DANE TRAILERS4
  • EAST MANUFACTURING CORP.1

Model year

  • 19891
  • 20091
  • 20151
  • 20162
  • 201714
  • 20184
  • 20199
  • 202025
  • 20219
  • 202214
  • 202331
  • 202424
  • 20259
  • 202617
  • 20271

Average age = 2026 − model year, over 162 unit(s) with a decoded year. Units without a decode are excluded from every share.

1 unit(s) could not be classified as power unit or trailer (not decoded).

Observed equipment list
UnitMakeModelYearBody classInspectionsLast seen
TR-01STOUGHTON TRAILERSStoughton Trailers2023Trailer12026-10-15
PU-01FREIGHTLINERCascadia2027Truck-Tractor12026-10-15
PU-02INTERNATIONALRH6132022Truck-Tractor12026-10-14
PU-03INTERNATIONALLT62F2023Truck-Tractor22026-10-14
TR-02EXTREME TRAILERS LLCEXTREME TRAILERS LLC2026Trailer22026-10-14
PU-04INTERNATIONALLT62F2024Truck-Tractor32026-10-12
TR-03MAC TRAILER MANUFACTURINGMAC TRAILER MANUFACTURING2025Trailer22026-10-12
PU-05FREIGHTLINERCascadia2026Truck-Tractor22026-10-07
TR-04VANGUARD NATIONAL TRAILER CORPORATION (VNTC)VANGUARD NATIONAL TRAILER CORPORATION (VNTC)2017Trailer12026-10-07
TR-05STOUGHTON TRAILERSStoughton Trailers2020Trailer12026-10-05
04

Operations

Source: FMCSA Company Census (az4n-8mr2) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 18:39 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Carrier operation

Interstate (A)

Classification: AUTHORIZED FOR HIRE

MCS-150 mileage

21,883,394 mi

Reported year 2026

Cargo classifications checked
  • General freight
Interstate drivers >100 mi / ≤100 mi
230 / 21
Intrastate drivers >100 mi / ≤100 mi
0 / 0
Hazmat indicator (hm_ind)
Y
Registered address
4900 EAST COLONVILLE ROAD, CLARE, MI, 48617, US

Lanes and service areas are not published by FMCSA. The registered address is not an operating map, and inspection states are observations only — not live routes or a service area.

05

Identity & Federal

Source: FMCSA Company Census (az4n-8mr2) · raw queryDataset updated 2026-10-17 18:39 UTCFetched 2026-10-18 21:38 UTC

Legal name
NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC
DBA
Not provided
USDOT
295027
MC / FF / MX
MC-211602
Physical address
4900 EAST COLONVILLE ROAD, CLARE, MI, 48617, US
Mailing address
650, CLARE, MI, 48617, US
Business type
CORPORATION
Carrier/shipper code
C
Census add date
1987-06-10
MCS-150 filing date
2026-05-20
Power units / drivers
270 / 251
Latest review (type · date)
C · 1991-06-24
06

Federal activity

  1. 2026-08-27c5y8-a4uz

    Insurance filing effective — West Bend Insurance Company

  2. 2026-08-273uet-3z4i

    Prior policy ended (term/repl) — West Bend Insurance Company

  3. 2026-05-20Census

    Latest MCS-150 filing

  4. 2020-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  5. 2019-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  6. 2019-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  7. 2015-10-296sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  8. 2015-04-286sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  9. 2015-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY

  10. 2014-04-306sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

  11. 2014-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

  12. 2012-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

  13. 2008-08-28yu5v-wbh6

    Authority status change: Motor Carrier of Property (Except Household Goods) → Active (REINSTATED)

  14. 2008-08-116sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (name changed) — ACUITY, A MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

  15. 2004-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — EMPIRE FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE CO.

  16. 2003-06-276sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — EMPIRE FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE CO.

  17. 2003-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — GREAT MIDWEST INSURANCE COMPANY

  18. 2001-04-026sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION

  19. 2001-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION

  20. 2000-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO.

  21. 1997-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE CO.

  22. 1996-05-066sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

  23. 1996-04-026sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (cancelled) — NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

  24. 1996-04-026sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

  25. 1996-03-316sqe-dvqs

    Prior policy ended (replaced) — NORTHLAND INSURANCE COMPANY

  26. 1991-07-23Census

    Official safety rating: S

  27. 1991-06-24Census

    Compliance review recorded (C)

  28. 1987-06-10Census

    Added to FMCSA registration

Built only from dates in the sources above. Authority changes use FMCSA's own change date (yu5v-wbh6).

Changes observed by VAX monitoring

Loading…

07

FAQ

+What is NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC's USDOT number?

USDOT 295027, with docket(s) MC-211602.

+Is NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC active?

The census registration status code is A. This is a registration code only — it is not operating authority, insurance coverage or a safety certification.

+How many trucks and drivers does NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC report?

270 power units and 251 drivers, self-reported on the MCS-150 filed 2026-05-20.

+Does NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC have insurance on file?

1 filing row(s) matched in the FMCSA insurance dataset, most recently effective 2026-08-27 (West Bend Insurance Company). A filing is not a certificate of insurance.

+Where is NORTHERN LOGISTICS INC located?

Registered physical address: 4900 EAST COLONVILLE ROAD, CLARE, MI, 48617, US. This is a registration address, not an operating area.

Answers are generated from the records on this page.

08

Nearby carriers

—

Sources

Each section shows its own fetch time; official data may have changed since. Official records plus an explainable trial record reference score (beta, not an official rating; no total when data is insufficient). No ranking, risk labels or load recommendations. Listing does not imply partnership, endorsement or platform access.